Dedicated to my students

My thanks to one of my past student who reminds me about some interesting views of books. But as I don't like to mention each and everyones concerned over a certain views so I considered it as the better way for collecting alltogether as roof of discussion. Yes,the taste of reading books over different topics, browsing the large public library or Institutional place is not going to be an idea of past and can't be replaced by this very new system of e-books and e-library as I am not sure how long we peoples will be able to sit in front of this system of reflection of lights in the form of dancing words which we all the time prefer to change the colour of the pages. Very recently when I was going through one of the book title"You are born to Blossom"by Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam and my experience over there in this field of teaching young students;then I came to know that really a teenager can't adopt an adults character as a role model for them except their parents and teacher as their role model even though there is change in the system of society as well as environment. See if your young kids are following the paths of Albert Eisntein or Newton as their role model but bilogically it is out of continuation of life process of being a human. Here comes an idea of one of the speaker who was talking about the change of the trend in human behaviour which I strongly condemned and even I raised a question regarding that point. He was talking about humans time table time for taking rest and the difference in the natural day and night structure according to the modern life style,but my objection was that the very essence of the beginners ryme "Early to bed and Early to rise,makes a man healthy,wealthy and wise"should there all the time for our kids as it is natural neccessity. Yes,our system are failure as we the constituents of the system are failure and so if we need to change thesystem means a change starts from our own system and on the other hand our younger ones are the future of the next generation.

TRYST WITH DESTINY

'Awake to freedom' "Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially.At the stroke of midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, then an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity.At the dawn of history India started on her unending quest, and trackless centuries are filled with her striving and the grandeur of her successes and her failures. Through good and ill fortune alike she has never lost sight of that quest or forgotten the ideals which gave her strength. We end today a period of ill fortune and India discovers herself again.The achievement we celebrate today is but a step, an opening of opportunity, to the greater triumphs and achievements that await us. Are we brave enough and wise enough to grasp this opportunity and accept the challenge of the future?Freedom and power bring responsibility. That responsibility rests upon this assembly, a sovereign body representing the sovereign people of India. Before the birth of freedom we have endured all the pains of labour and our hearts are heavy with the memory of this sorrow. Some of those pains continue even now.Nevertheless, the past is over and it is the future that beckons to us now.That future is not one of ease or resting but of incessant striving so that we might fulfill the pledges we have so often taken and the one we shall take today. The service of India means the service of the millions who suffer. It means the ending of poverty and ignorance and disease and inequality of opportunity. The ambition of the greatest man of our generation has been to wipe every tear from every eye. That may be beyond us but so long as there are tears and suffering, so long our work will not be over.And so we have to labor and to work, and work hard, to give reality to our dreams. Those dreams are for India, but they are also for the world, for all the nations and peoples are too closely knit together today for any one of them to imagines that it can live apart. Peace has been said to be indivisible, so is freedom, so is prosperity now, and so also is disaster in this one world that can no longer be split into isolated fragments.To the people of India whose representatives we are, we make appeal to join us with faith and confidence in this great adventure. This is no time for petty and destructive criticism, no time for ill-will or blaming others. We have to build the noble mansion of free India where all her children may dwell."

-- Speech by Jawaharlal Nehru

(Jawaharlal Nehru, gave this speech as India's first Prime Minister to the Constituent Assembly in New Delhi at midnight on August 14, 1947. Though this speech is full of ideals and embellishments to inspire a nation, about to make a new beginning, it is historic and can be recognized as the first voice of Independent India.)

UNIVERSAL LAWS

UNIVERSAL LAWS .
Law of Mechanical Repair - After your hands become coated with grease, your nose will begin to itch and you'll have to pee..
Law of Gravity - Any tool, nut, bolt, screw, when dropped, will roll to the least accessible corner..
Law of Probability -The probability of being watched is directly proportional to the stupidity of your act..
Law of Random Numbers - If you dial a wrong number, you never get a busy signal and someone always answers..
Law of the Alibi - If you tell the boss you were late for work because you had a flat tire, the very next morning you will have a flat tire..
Variation Law - If you change lines (or traffic lanes), the one you were in will always move faster than the one you are in now (works every time)..
Law of the Bath - When the body is fully immersed in water, the telephone rings..
Law of Close Encounters -The probability of meeting someone you know increases dramatically when you are with someone you don't want to be seen with..
Law of the Result - When you try to prove to someone that a machine won't work, it will and vice-versa..
Law of Biomechanics - The severity of the itch is inversely proportional to the reach...
Law of the Theater - At any event, the people whose seats are furthest from the aisle arrive last..
The Starbucks Law - As soon as you sit down to a cup of hot coffee, your boss will ask you to do something which will last until the coffee is cold..
Murphy's Law of Lockers - If there are only two people in a locker room, they will have adjacent lockers..
Law of Physical Surfaces - The chances of an open-faced jelly sandwich landing face down on a floor covering are directly correlated to the newness and cost of the carpet/rug..
Law of Logical Argument - Anything is possible if you don't know what you are talking about..
Brown's Law of Physical Appearance - If the clothes fit, they're ugly..
Oliver's Law of Public Speaking - A closed mouth gathers no feet..
Wilson's Law of Commercial Marketing Strategy - As soon as you find a product that you really like, they will stop making it..
Doctors' Law - If you don't feel well, make an appointment to go to the doctor, by the time you get there you'll feel better. Don't make an appointment and you'll stay sick.

Collection from many corners of Science

MY VEIWS OVER THE RECENT ISSUE OF NAGAS IN NORTH EAST

Peoples should be unite as it makes the sense of unity.So regarding the ongoing issue of nagas in north eastern part of India for the formation of a greater Nagaland by integrating some naga inhabited lands of adjoining states like Manipur,Assam,Arunachal Pradesh. Naturally not even argumentive by taking any source of means which they are counting,it may be totally unjustice to have such an integration by differentiation of others. Above this the theory of claiming the place where you are as yours in this system of democary is totally falls eventhough there were historical evidences without considering any of communial or racial or religious matter. So as far as a citizen of this democratic nation not only as a resident of North East politically,I should suggest very fairly that as every community can have a convention or getogether for their wellbeing like we are going to have Tamil International conference in Coimbatore by the next month you peoples,we peoples and everyone can have a conference or convention or meeting in a better way. I do hope all the nagas will have an International conference in Nagaland for the development of Naga community by the next time and this will be an eye opener for everyone even those who are making laws in this country and those who are implimenting those laws also. So let's hope for preservation with new ideas not with differentiation.

EACH SECOND OF OUR EXISTENCE IS SO COUNTABLE

It is vivid truth that the very existence of the word countable seems to be started from the very essence of money which everyone needs in our life ever since we started our civilisation. But the very uncountable wprd "time" which nobody care about each day which we are passing without making a sense of its uses not for even hours or minutes or seconds. But don't you mind that the above two sentences are in reverse according to the law of nature. I meant time should be countable and money should be uncountable in reverse as we live with time not with money all the time. Once I was talking with a successful person by his acheivement,then he was letting down the importance of "time" for youths who are eager for success in their life. He said that we youths should have time all the time,it meant that if the work is to be done than we should have time for that but if the work is not capable or not that too much of importance to us than we should neglect immediately instead waiting for the answer yes from our mouth. And work should be planned already with time. So here i meant that let's pay attention or have a mind for each and every moment which we are living at here should be of countable. Like,have you ever counted in terms of days not in terms of minutes for your existence in your life. upto now? So just try it as makes you to increase the value of time.

HOPE AND MOBILE

Once a while after receiving some sms and as usual we everyone used to get it in our new mode of communication which shows nothing differentiation over race,caste,community,sex etc. in our society execpt the joke,emotional,lovey,congrates,good morning and goodnight,jobs are there,new informations so and so ,but really when i went through each and every sms which i got from my different fellows,for a while my mind stuck to somewhere about a change and a hope in our generation and the next comming generation. Really we have a lots of morally emotional sms which is forwarding thoughout,we have a lots of caring sms throughout,we are sometimes very close with this very short "HW R U?'."GUD NYT ". "TKCR". "HAVE GRT TIME"..even from one end of the world to the other end. So,this is the hope,this is the care,this is the concern,this is the corporation. But it may take some time to reach upto that goal we hope as it takes time to write some interesting thought over sms. A Change of behaviour,a change of language,a change of concer over each other,a change of even for our career that is what we can see on the merits of "MOBILE" other than this "walk while you talk"LOGO. So,your care is not to just forward the sms you got but atleast read it twice that makes a lot of sense. Everything is on you.

This is my SMS for you forever "Just keep a mind all the time wherever your are A GOD IS THERE WHO IS ALL THE TIME LOOKING AFTER A POSITIVE CHANGE IN YOU. Take care all the time. Have a nice time."

ALBERT EINSTEIN

"It is almost a miracle that modern teaching methods have not yet entirely strangled the
holy curiosity of inquiry; for what this delicate little plant needs more than anything,
besides stimulation, is freedom."
Einstein with his sister.
Einstein's family had moved to Italy to try to establish a business, and he joined
them for a glorious half year of freedom from work and anxiety. In 1895 he took
the entrance examination for the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology -- and he
failed. He was advised to study at a Swiss school in Aarau; here his teachers were
humane and his ideas were set free. His thoughts turned to the theory of
electromagnetism formulated by James Clerk Maxwell, seldom taught even in
universities at the turn of the century.

From a classroom essay Einstein wrote in French at the age of 16,
explaining why he would like to study theoretical mathematics or
physics: "Above all it is my individual disposition for abstract and
mathematical thought, my lack of imagination and practical talent. My
inclinations have also led me to this resolve. That is quite natural; one
always likes to do things for which one has talent. And then there is a
certain independence in the scientific profession which greatly pleases
me."

Einstein graduated from the Aarau school and entered the Institute of
Technology in Zurich. Around this time he recognized that physics was
his true subject. Only there could he "seek out the paths that led to the
depths." He also realized that he could never be an outstanding student.
Fortunately his friend Marcel Grossmann had the conventional traits
Einstein lacked. While Einstein worked in the library or the laboratory,
Grossmann took excellent notes at the mathematics lectures, and gladly
shared them with his friend before examinations. Einstein later wrote,
"I would rather not speculate on what would have become of me
without these notes."

Einstein grew familiar with the successes of past scientists who had tried to explain the world entirely through
atoms or fluids, interacting like parts of a machine. But he learned that Maxwell's theory of electricity and
magnetism was defying efforts to reduce it to mechanical processes. Through a new friend, the engineer
Michele Besso, Einstein came to the writings of Ernst Mach -- a skeptical critic of accepted ideas in physics.


"As a somewhat precocious young man, I was struck by the futility of the hopes and the
endeavors that most men chase restlessly throughout life. And I soon realized the cruelty of
that chase, which in those days was more carefully disguised with hypocrisy and glittering
words than it is today."

After Einstein graduated with an undistinguished record, he made a number of efforts to get a university job,
and failed. He found only occasional jobs on the periphery of the academic world. He felt he was a burden on
his none too prosperous family, and wondered if he had been mistaken in trying to become a physicist. Finally
he got a position at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. It was "a kind of salvation," he said. The regular salary
and the stimulating work evaluating patent claims freed Einstein. He now had time to devote his thought to
the most basic problems of physics of his time, and began to publish scientific papers.


Einstein's closest friend, with whom he walked home from the Patent
Office every day, was Michele Besso. Einstein thought him "the best
sounding board in Europe" for scientific ideas. With other friends in
Bern, all unknown to the academic world, Einstein met regularly to read
and discuss books on science and philosophy. They called themselves the
Olympia Academy, mocking the official bodies that dominated science.
Einstein's began to attract respect with his published papers (described in
the next section), and in 1909 he was appointed associate professor at the
University of Zurich. He was also invited to present his theories before
the annual convention of German scientists. He met many people he had
known only through their writings, such as the physicist Max Planck of
Berlin. Soon Einstein was invited to the German University in Prague as
full professor. Here he met a visiting Austrian physicist, Paul Ehrenfest.
"Within a few hours we were true friends," Einstein recalled, "as though
our dreams and aspirations were made for each other.”


At the Zurich Polytechnic a romance had arisen between the handsome
and witty would-be science teacher and a young Serbian woman, Mileva
Maric, the only woman in Albert's physics class. Einstein's family
opposed any talk of marriage, even after Mileva gave birth to a daughter
(who was apparently given up for adoption). The pair finally married in
1903 after Einstein got his job at the Patent Office. Einstein discussed
physics with Mileva, but there is no solid evidence that she made any
significant contribution to his work. In 1904 a son was born, and a
second in 1910.


Through letters, visits, and science meetings, Einstein came to know
most of the major physicists of Europe (there were not many in those
days). In 1912 Einstein was invited back to the Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology as professor. Here he rejoined his old friend Marcel
Grossmann, now professor of mathematics. With Grossmann's aid,
Einstein studied the mathematical theories and techniques which he
found necessary for his work toward a new theory of gravitation.
Meanwhile, Einstein was being introduced to a different sort of world by
another friend, Friedrich Adler: the world of the Second International and
its attempt to halt the growth of international rivalries in Europe.

In 1914, the German government gave Einstein a senior research appointment in Berlin, along with a
membership in the prestigious Prussian Academy of Sciences. When Einstein had left his native land as a
youth, he had renounced German citizenship and all of the militarist German society. But Berlin -- with no
teaching duties and a galaxy of top scientists for colleagues -- could not be resisted. It was the highest level a
scientific career could ordinarily reach.
"With such fame, not much time remains for his wife," Mileva complained. "I am very starved for love."
Einstein felt suffocated in the increasingly strained and gloomy relationship. He found solace in a love affair
with his cousin, Elsa Löwenthal. Mileva and Albert separated in 1914, after bitter arguments, and divorced in
1919. That same year he married Elsa, and settled in with her and her two grown daughters by a previous
marriage. "The Lord has put into him so much that's beautiful, and I find him wonderful," Elsa later wrote,
"even though life at his side is enervating and difficult."


"A storm broke loose in my mind."

MARCH 1905


Einstein sent to the Annalen der Physik, the leading German physics journal, a
paper with a new understanding of the structure of light. He argued that light
can act as though it consists of discrete, independent particles of energy, in
some ways like the particles of a gas. A few years before, Max Planck's work
had contained the first suggestion of a discreteness in energy, but Einstein
went far beyond this. His revolutionary proposal seemed to contradict the
universally accepted theory that light consists of smoothly oscillating
electromagnetic waves. But Einstein showed that light quanta, as he called the
particles of energy, could help to explain phenomena being studied by
experimental physicists. For example, he made clear how light ejects
electrons from metals.

The Annalen der Physik received another paper from Einstein. The wellknown
kinetic energy theory explained heat as an effect of the ceaseless
agitated motion of atoms; Einstein proposed a way to put the theory to a
new and crucial experimental test. If tiny but visible particles were
suspended in a liquid, he said, the irregular bombardment by the liquid's
invisible atoms should cause the suspended particles to carry out a random
jittering dance. Just such a random dance of microscopic particles had long
since been observed by biologists (It was called "Brownian motion," an
unsolved mystery). Now Einstein had explained the motion in detail. He had
reinforced the kinetic theory, and he had created a powerful new tool for
studying the movement of atoms.

"When the Special Theory of Relativity began to germinate in me, I was visited by all sorts
of nervous conflicts... I used to go away for weeks in a state of confusion."


Einstein sent the Annalen der Physik a paper on electromagnetism and
motion. Since the time of Galileo and Newton, physicists had known that
laboratory measurements of mechanical processes could never show any
difference between an apparatus at rest and an apparatus moving at constant
speed in a straight line. Objects behave the same way on a uniformly moving
ship as on a ship at the dock; this is called the Principle of Relativity. But
according to the electromagnetic theory, developed by Maxwell and refined
by Lorentz, light should not obey this principle. Their electromagnetic theory
predicted that measurements on the velocity of light would show the effects of
motion. Yet no such effect had been detected in any of the ingenious and
delicate experiments that physicists had devised: the velocity of light did not
vary.

Einstein had long been convinced that the Principle of Relativity must apply
to all phenomena, mechanical or not. Now he found a way to show that this
principle was compatible with electromagnetic theory after all. As Einstein
later remarked, reconciling these seemingly incompatible ideas required
"only" a new and more careful consideration of the concept of time. His new
theory, later called the special theory of relativity, was based on a novel
analysis of space and time -- an analysis so clear and revealing that it can be
understood by beginning science students.

Einstein reported a remarkable consequence of his special theory of relativity:
if a body emits a certain amount of energy, then the mass of that body must
decrease by a proportionate amount. Meanwhile he wrote a friend, "The
relativity principle in connection with the Maxwell equations demands that
the mass is a direct measure for the energy contained in bodies; light transfers
mass... This thought is amusing and infectious, but I cannot possibly know
whether the good Lord does not laugh at it and has led me up the garden
path." Einstein and many others were soon convinced of its truth. The
relationship is expressed as an equation: E=mc2.

will continue later........

A BRIEF HISTORY OF MANIPUR

Manipur











Kangla


















CHORUS MUSEUM

Govindaji temple































Manipuri Women's Dress



















Story of Manipur

Documented history of Manipur begins with the reign of King Pakhangba when the seven clans of the Manipuri society were unified. The introduction of Vaishnavism brought about a significant change in the history of Manipur.
The early history of the region is set forth in the Cheitharon Kumbaba, a chronicle of royal events.
Manipur came under British rule as a princely state in 1891. British rule ended the independent status of the Kingdom which was the last kingdom to be incorporated into British India.
During the Second World War, Manipur was the scene of many fierce battles between the Japanese and Allied forces. The Japanese were beaten back before they could enter Imphal and this proved to be one of the turning points of the War.

After the Second World War, the Manipur Constitution Act, 1947, established a democratic form of government with the Maharaja as the Executive Head and an elected legislature. In 1949, King Prabodhchandra was summoned to Shillong, capital of the Indian province of Meghalaya. After much persuasion, the King signed a Treaty of Accession merging the kingdom into India. The legislative assembly was dissolved on the integration of the state with the republic of India in October, 1949. Manipur was a union territory from 1956 and later became a full-fledged state in 1972.

British rule ended the independent status of the Kingdom which was the last kingdom to be capsized by British India. Modern day Manipur is a state of the Republic of India.

Names of Manipur
The indigenous name of Manipur had been known throughout the ages as Meitrabak or Kangleipak or Meeteileipak[1] and also by more than twenty names.[2]. Sanamahi Laikan mentioned that the new nomenclature Manipur had been adopted in the eighteen century during the regime of Meidingu Pamheiba. According to Sakok Lamlen the name of the land had different names in different Chaks as follows - Mayai Koiren poirei namthak saronpung or Tilli Koktong Ahanba in Hayachak, Meera Pongthoklam in Khunungchak, Tilli Koktong Leikoiren in Langbachak and Muwapalli in Konnachak [3]. But in later part of history, this land and her people were known by different names to her neighbours - the Shans or Pongs called her Cassay, the Burmese called her Kathe, the Assamese called her Meklee, and in the first treaty between East India Company and Meidingu Chingthangkhomba (Bhagyachandra) in 1762, the kingdom was recorded as Meckley. Bhagyachandra and his successors issued the coins engraved with the title of Manipureshwar, the lord of Manipur while Meckley was discarded. Later on, the Sankritisation work, Dharani Samhita (1825–34) popularized the legends of the derivation of Manipur[4].

Pre-Historic Manipur
Prehistory of Kangleipak or Manipur:
Geologically and geographically Manipur is situated on the tertiary ranges of the branch of eastern Himalayas going down the south and is a part of the compact physiographic unit following the great divide between the Brahamputra and the chindwin valleys. The north east India holds the key to the understanding the scope, depth, dimension and cultural diffusion between South and South east Asia which played the crucial role in transforming the North East Indian ethnographic canvas from prehistoric times. Manipur appears to have received Bronze Age culture traits from Thailand and upper Burma where indigenous early metal age culture developed at a comparatively early date around 4000 BC.
Old stone Age :
Khangkhui Caves- four caves are located near Khangkhui at a distance of eleven kilometer south east of Urkhul bordering upper Burma. Archaeologist excavations found out stone, bone tools and animal remains which are sufficient evidence of habitation of stone age men in these cave. The first evidence of the Pleistocene man in Manipur dating back to about 30,000 BC. Other notable caves near the place are – Hunding caves 11 km south of Urkhul, Purul Cave in Purul and the Song Ring rock shelter of Beyang village of Tengnoupal.
Machi - One of the most valuable finds of Archaeologist O.K. Singh is Pebble Chopper (tool) found on the Maring Naga Village of the Machi in Chandel district. The Marings are the one the oldest tribes of Manipur. This find has been considered as a landmark in the Paleolithic archaeology of Manipur as it confirmed beyond doubt that Manipur was inhabited by stone Age ancestors since the early stone or the lower Paleolithic period.
New Stone Age :
Haobinhian Culture - A large number of Neolithic Celts have been discovered throughout Manipur and preserved in state College, Museum, Archaeology Dept. The Celts are mostly edge ground pebble and flake tools. These evidences have clearly established the fact of the existence of the New Stone Age ( Neolithic) culture in Manipur.
Tharon Caves - The first concrete evidence of Haobihian culture is represented by the finds of the caves at Tharon in Tamenglong district. Haobihian culture is the Mesolithic culture pattern of south east Asia, based on the historic finds of the village of Haobihian in north Vietnam. The similar relic are found in Thailand (Spirit caves), Burma and other places in the south east Asia. Tharon is a Liangmei Naga village and the caves were first explored in Dec. 1979 by the state Archaeology Dept. The explorer discovered five caves and rocks shelters. The cave site is located at 93.32’ longitude and 25.3’ latitude in the midst of thickly forested Reyangling hills at a distance of about 4 km towards the north of Tharon Village. Locally the caves is called Kalemki (Kalem=bat : Ki= house) = that is the house of bat. It discovered five caves and rock shelters. A stream Kalem-ki-magu is following near these caves. The rock type f the area is sandstone of Barail series. The caves and rock shelters were probably formed due to rock weathering. These edge-ground pebble tools are similar with the finds from Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia and Philippines. In these countries, these tools were used at about 7000- 8000 BC. The Tharons have distinct affinity with the Haobihian culture. In this case, before the advent of the present Tibeto-Burma inhabitants of the area, the Proto – Austroloid must have been in occupation of these caves. The proposed date is around 5000–4000 BC.
Napachik - A stone age site od second millennium BC Napachik is a small hillock near the Meetei village of Wangu in the southern part of Imphal valley, located on the right bank of Manipur river which flows into Chindwin rever in Burma. The edge of ground tools and corded wares of Napachik have affinity with the edge ground tolls and corded wares of the Spirit Cave of Thailand, Padubtin cave of Burma and Haobihian sites in Vietnam, but in one the Haobihian sites, tripod wares found. The possible dating of Neolithic age in north east India is between 500 BC early Neolithic of 2000 BC. It is quite likely that while a culture that has affinity with Haobihian and handmade corded tripod wares which have affinity with the Chinese Neolithic culture arrived at the Napachik around second millennium BC. Thus, Manipur valley was already inhabited by the Neolithic men in or around 2000 BC.

Early rulers:
Kangba, the First King- He was the first king about whom the chronicles give some details. He was born at Koubru hills in north west of Manipur Valley. He was the son of Tangja Lila Pakhangba. The name of Meeteileipak was “Tilli Koktong Leikoilel” in Kangba Period.
Moriya or Maliya Phambalcha - The next king whose historicity was fully established was Maliya (or Mariya) Phambalcha. According to “Kangbalon”, Koikoi, the first son of Kangba ascended the throne assuming the regnal title of Mariya Phambalcha. Many scholars fixed the era of Maliya Phambalcha in 1379 BC and established the Meitei Calendar during this era. According to Thiren Layat, there were nineteen rulers till the joint reign of Nongdanhan and Taohuireng. The ancient text Numit Kappa compares the two brothers as the two Suns. The hymn of Numit Kappa used for a rite known as Chupsaba and sometimes sung as a ballad narrating the historical events.

Ancient Manipur
The source for this era comes from the Chaitharol-Kumbaba, the royal chronicle of Manipur or Kangleipak.
Nongda Lairen Pakhangba (33–154 AD): Nongda Lairen Pakhangba was an extraordinary gifted ruler. Pakhangba was truly the maker of Manipur ( or Meiteileipak or Kangleipak). He was the first coroneted historical ruler. According to “Cheitharol Kumbaba” Pakhangba’s date has been fixed from 33 AD. Cultural Development – Sagol Kangjei (POLO) - The Meitei culture took its roots during the reign of Pakhangba. Sagol Kangjei (Polo) was started during his reign with maiden match between the chiefs of different regions. This game was played in the imitation of the old game played in the traditional age known as Hayachak. Laisna took a great role in organizing the game.
Khuiyoi Tompok: Pakhangba was succeeded by his son Khuiyoi Tompok in 154 AD. His reign was peaceful. He was known as the inventor of the Drum (Pung). Technical innovation in metallurgy was also recorded in the chronicle. During the reign of Naophangba ( 428–518 AD) the treatise on the construction of Kangla, Kangla Houba is believed to be written by Ashangba Laiba.
Loiyamba (1074–1122 AD), the great law Giver : Loiyamba’s reign was an important period in the History of Kangleibak. Along with the military consolidation of the kingdom Loiyamba introduced administrative reforms which provide the steel frame of the administration of the kingdom for about seven centuries. He systematized the administrative divisions of the country by creating six lups (Division). He introduced the Pana System. Loiyamba Shinyen has projected a well organized society and economy of Meeteileipak.

Meidingu Ningthou Khomba (1432–1467), conqueror of Tamu:
His earlier name according to Ningthourol Lambuba, was Charairongba. On of the most romantic events of Charairongba’s reign was the raid of the Tangkul tribe from Tuisem village in his absence and the courage and skill demonstrated by his queen Linthoingambi in the hoodwinking the raiding tribesmen into defeat and captivity. The Meitei state was completely formed during his reign.
Meidingu Kiyamba (1467–1508 AD), the Conqueror of Kabaw Valley:
Thangwai Ningthouba was the earlier name of Kyamba. The credit for the military and territorial expansion of the kingdom was rightly given to king Ningthoukhomba and his illustrious son Kiyamba who was a worthy son of worthy father and equally colourful mother, Linthoingambi, the warrior queen of Manipur’s history. The Medival Period in the history of Manipur brings forth the name of Medingu Senbi Kiyamba, who became king in 1476 AD, at the age of 24. He was a friend of the King of Pong (Shan Kingdom), who presented him with a stone, known as PHEIYA (Almighty). It was after this that worship of God, in the form of a sacred stone, was started.
Meidingu Khagemba (1597–1652), the conqueror of Chinese:
He was really a great conqueror who consolidated his father’s kingdom and expanded the kingdom of Meitrabak and defended her successfully from the several foreign invaders like the Muslim, Kachari and the Shans of the Kabaw Valley. Khagi Ngamba means (khagi=Chinese, Ngamba = conqueror ) that means “ Chinese conqueror “. According to chronicle, the Meetei king attacked the principal Chinese village (or town) along with the many brave Meetei warrior and defeated their chief Chouopha Hongdei. Khagemba introduced bell metal currency in the kingdom. Some coins of his reign have been discovered. His reign was considered to be the golden age of Manipuri Literature. He was a great patron of Traditional Lainingthou Cult. A contemporary text, Khagemba Langjei is the expression of the supremecy of Sanamahi as the Universal God of the Meeteis. The Learned scholar who were well known authorities and religious and theology and who attended his court were Apoimacha, Konok Thengra, Salam Sana, Yumnam Tomba and Langon Lukhoi – sort of six jewels of Khagemba’s court. He was succeeded by his son Khunjaoba in 1652 AD Khunjaoba was engaged in the fortification of Kangla and excavted the moat in the front of the brick gateway constructed by Khagemba. Paikhomba ascended the throne in 1666. Paikhomba consolidated his power in the valley. His kingdom extended as far as Samjok in the east and Takhel Tripura in the west.

Meidingu Charairongba (1697–1709):
With the dawn of eighteenth century, Meitrabak achieved the full development of her culture, economy and state system. In this revolutionary change in the Meitrabak’s life, three kings, father, son, and a great grandson : Charairongba, Pamheiba and Chingthangkhomba played very significant roles, the stamp of which was imprinted on the history of Meitrbak. After the death of Paikhomba, his nephew Charairongba, the son of his younger brother Tonsenngamba ascended the throne in 1697 AD. His reign was the beginning for the transition period from traditional Meetei social situation to a Hinduised Meetei Society. There was constant trade contact and social relationship between Manipur and Burma. In 1702, the of Toongoo dynasty of Awa (Burma) sent emissaries asking for the hand of Meetei Princess. Charirongba gave his daughter Chakpa Makhao Ngambi in marriage to the Burmese King. He constructed several temples for Meitei deities like Panthoibi, Sanamahi and Hindu deities. The relation with Burma deteriorated and more strengthened with India after conversion into Vaishnavism.

Era of Vaishnavism
Vaishnavism came to Manipur during this period. It caused a significant change in the history of Manipur. The Meitei script was replaced with Bengali.
Meidingu Pamheiba (Garibnawaz) (1709–1748):
Pamheiba ascended the throne on the 23rd Day of Thawan (August) 1709. The Persian name Garibniwaz meaning “ Kind to the poor” was given to him by Muslim immigrants and was adopted to be used in the coins issued by him. No other ruler in the eastern India could boast of such a glorious military conquest in the north east India and Burma in the early 18th century. Military Conquest- The fame of Pamheiba for his military conquest can be divided into three phases – The first phase (1710–17) was towards the hill tribes for internal consolidation, The second phase (1728–33) was the war against Ava, and the third (1745–48) was the war against Tripura. He extended his kingdom from Kabow valley, in the east, to Nongnang (Cachar), Takhel (Tripura), in the west.

Conversion into Vaishnavism -
He was a great religious reformer, under his royal patronage Cheitanya’s school of Vaishnavism was propagated in Meitrabak. Cheitharol Kumbaba records that in October, 1717 Graibnawaz was initiated into Vaishnavism by Guru Gopal Das. Afterward, he switched over to Ramanandi School of Vaishnavism.
Meitei Puya Meithaba (Burning of the Meitei Puyas) -
At the instigation of Santidas Gosain, Meitei Puya (Holy book ) had been consigned at Kangla Uttra to flames at around 9–10 a.m., on the 23rd day of wakching in 1729 AD.

Sanskritisation-
Sanamahi Laikan recorded the events of Sanskritisation. The event paved the way of Sanskritisation and the name of the country “MEITEILEIPAK or KANGLEIBAK” had been changed to “MANIPUR”. Many other Meiteileipak places name in Meiteilon had been changed to Sanskrit. Hinduised Gotra introduced for the Seven Yek/Salais of Meiteis. From 1717 to 1737, the Parvas of MAHABHARATA and RAMAYANA were translated to Meiteilon (Manipuri Language) and many other Sanskrit Parvas were written by Angom Gopi, the renowned scholar and poet in the court of Pamheiba. The king and all the Meiteis were converted as Kshtriya by relating to Mahabharata’s Manipur. Pamheiba’s reign of forty years marked the Zenith of Meiteileipak in all aspects – religious reform, military conquest, cultural and literary achievement and sound economy. He issued several coins during his reign with his different names engraved like – ‘Manipureswar’, ‘Mekeleswar’, ’Garibaniwaza’. He abdicated the throne in favour of his son Chit Sai (1748–52) in 1748. He was driven out to Cachar by his brother Bharat Sai in 1752. Gourashyam (1753–58) ousted Bharat Sai in 1753 and ascended the throne. In 1758, Alaungpaya invaded Meiteileipak.

Meidingu Chingthangkhomba or Bhagyachandra (1749–1798):
Gourashyam abdicated the throne in favour of his brother Bhagayachandra in 1759. Bhagyachandra restored normalcy in the kingdom and tried to regain the lost glory of Meeteileipak/Kangleipak. In 1764, the new Burmese king Hsinbyusin (1760–73) invaded Manipur again in Kabaw Valley. The Meetei force were defeated at Tamu and king fled to Ahom kingdom in Assam. He regained the throne of Kangleipak in 1768 with help of Ahom king Rajeshwar and ruled more than 30 years. He signed a treaty with East India Company in 1762. His reign was a landmark in the history of Meeteileipak for the propagation of Cheitanya’s School of Vaishnavism. Since then Meeteileipak was more influenced by Bengali language and literature. He earned the name of Rajarshi.

Origin of Meitei or Manipuri Classical Dance, Ras Leela -
According to Cheitharol Kumbaba, in February, 1776, king went to Kaina hill in search of the Jackfruit tree. The four images of Lord Krishna were made out of Jackfruit tree wood. The ritual installation of Shri Govindajee was performed at the Rashmondal of Langthabal palace in 1780. The Meeteis worshipped God through dance as performed in the Lai Haraoba ( Merry Making of God). As revealed in the dream and with the help of his daughter Princess Bimbabati known as Shija Laioibi who was symbolically married and dedicated her life to Shri Govindajee, helped him to composed the Ras Leela. Meidingu Chingthangkhomba dedicated three forms of Ras Leela to Lord Krishna – Kunja Ras, Maha Ras, Basanta Ras.
Anglo-Burmese Advents
There were a number of significant wars during this era between the Manipuris, the Burmese and the British.
Meidingu Marjit (1813–1819) with the help of Ava invaded Kangleipak in 1813 and defeated his brother- Chaurajit. He then ascended the throne in 1813 and ruled for six years.
Chahi Taret Khuntakpa,the Seven Years Devastation (1819–26)-
Meitrabak had never before faced such a national catastrophe brought about by the Burmese conquest. The new ava king, Bagidaw, invited Marjit to attend his coronation ceremony and to pay homage to him. Marjit refused to attend the coronation, which offended the Burmese king. The Burmese king sent a large force under the command of General Maha Bandula to humble Marjit. Marjit was defeated and he fled to Cachar. Thus Meitrabak was brought under the Ava rule for Seven Years (1819–1826) which is known as Chahi Taret Kuntakpa in the history of Meitrabak. The flight of Marjit from Meitrabak and Ava conquest in 1819 marks the end of madieaval period in the history of Meitrabak.
Meitrabak Princes in Cachar -
In the early nineteenth century, the meitrabak princes after being dislodged from Meitrabak made Cachar a springboard for the reconquest of meitrabak. In 1819, three brothers occupied Cachar and drove out Govind Chandra to Sylhet. The kingdom of Cachar which was divided between Govinda Chandra and Chaurajit in 1818, was repartitioned after the flight of Govind Chandra among the three Meitrabak princes. Chaurajit got the eastern portion of Cachar bordering Meitrabak which was ruled from Sonai. Gambhir Singh was given the land west of Tillain hill and his headquarters was at Gumrah, Marjit Singh ruled Hailakandi from Jhapirbond.





Meidingngu Gambhir Singh (1826–1834):
With the strong 500 Meetei Levy and with the help of British East India Company, Gambhir Singh expelled the Ava / Burmese from Meitrabak beyond the Ningthi Turel ( Chindwin River). He ruled the country from Langthabal Capital. He died on 9 January 1834 and was succeeded by his infant son Chandrakirti / Ningthem Pishak ( 1834 – 1844).





Meidingngu Nara Singh (1844–1850) :
He was the second cousin of Gambhir Singh and was the regent. Kumidini, mother of Chandrakirti, was not satisfied with the arrangement and fled to Cachar with her son. As desired by people of Meitrabak ascended the throne in 1844 at the age of 51. He shifted the Capital from Langthabal to Kangla. He constructed the two statues of the Kangla Sha at Uttra as that Burmese dismantled and destroyed which had made by Meidingngu Chaurajit. Meidingngu Nara Singh died on 10 April, 1850 and succeeded by his brother Meidingngu Debendra Singh (1850).





Meidingngu Chandrakirti (1850–86) :
Chandrakirti came from Cachar and defeated Debendra and regained the throne in 1850. During his reign, all the sacred and holy places inside Kangla were developed and maintained. Kangla thus became a well-fortified palace surrounded by five barriers, including the inner and outer moats, brick walls, and earthen rampart and citadel surrounding the palace in the centre. He died on Friday 20 May 1886.





British Rule
Meidingngu Surchandra (1886–90) – Succeeded his father on the throne in 1886. There were revolts against him led by Sana Borachaoba and Dinachandra. The revolts were not successful. But on 21 September 1890, Princes Zila Ngamba and Angusana with the able support of Senapati Tikendrajit revolted against Surchandra. Surchandra abdicated and left Meitrabak for Brindaban. His brother Kulachandra Dhaja ascended the throne in 1890 and Tikendrajit became the Yubaraj. Surchandra requested the government of India to reinstate him on the throne. The British refused his request and decided to recognized Kulachandra as king of Meitrabak and to arrest Yubaraj Tikendrajit. The Chief Commissioner of Assam, Mr. James Wallace Quinton, came to Manipur to execute the order of the Government of India with 400 strong escort under the command of Colonel Charles Mac Donald Skene, D.S.O. This event led to the Anglo-Manipur War of 1891. On hearing the news, Meidingngu Kulachandra sent Kangabam Chidananda (Thangal General) with seven hundred Meetei sepoys to Mao Thana, a Meitrabak outpost at the border of Nagaland, then called the Naga Hills, to received the Chief Commissioner of Assam and to make arrangement, for the large escort of the Chief Commissioner. On 22 March 1891, at about 10 a.m. Mr. Quinton arrived at Imphal with his escort. Meidingngu Kulachandra Dhaja with his younger brothers welcomed him at western Gate of Kangla. Mr. Quinton informed the Meidingngu Kulachandra that at noon there would be a Durbar at the Residency. Thus Mr. Quinton tried to apprehend Yubaraj Tikendrajit. But it was not successful. Mr. Quinton consulted Mr. Grimwood and colonel Skene and decided to arrest The Yubaraj forcibly. The Political agent, Mr. Grimwood was speared to death. Subsequently, Mr. Quiton, Col. Skene, Mr. Cossins, Lieutenant Simpson and bulger were beheaded by the public executioner in front of the Kangla Sha. As soon as the news of the failure of paln to arrest Yubaraj Tikendrajit and execution of the British Officers reached the Government of India, three columns of troops were sent to Meitrabak from Kohima, Silchar, Tammu under the command of Major General H. Collett, Col. R.H.F. Rennick and Brigadier General T. Graham respectively. It was the column moving in from Tammu which faced the strongest resistance from Meitrabak. The great hand-to-hand fighting took place at Khongjom on 25 April. Maipak Sana, Wangkheirakpa, Yengkhoiba, Chongtha Miya, Paona Brajabasi, Khumbong Major, Wangkhie Meiraba, Chinglen Sana, Loitongba Jamadar, Keisam Jamadar, Heirang Khonja and number of brave Meetei soldiers sacrificed their lives on the battlefield and defend their motherland. Meitrabak lost her freedom at the hands of the British on 27 April, 1891.





Meidingngu Churacha
nd Singh (1891–1941): The British Government selected Meidingngu Churachand, minor son of Chaobiyaima as the king of Meitrabak. A new palace was constructed at Wangkhei and Kangla was kept under British occupation. During British Colonial period, Kangla was known as Manipur Fort and a battalion of Assam Rifle was stationed there. The British left Manipur / Meitrabak in 1947.





Merger with India
Meidingu Bodhchandra ascended the throne in 1941, after his father, Churachand, died at Nabadwip in November 1941. Bodhchandra’s accession was to mark a new and traumatic period in the history of Manipur. Since the world political scenario had changed, it impacted directly to his administration of the country. In Jan. 1942, he convened the first meeting of the National War front in the palace and he and his queen both urged the people to support the war effort. In February 1942, Imphal was bombed for the first time. Many people killed and many people including most of the administrator and traders fled from Manipur. The Imphal valley was deserted temporarily. There was inevitable escalation of price, and the destruction of houses and goods. It was for the first time, Indian National flag was flown raise by INA general Malik in the Sub-continent at Moirang in the south part of Manipur valley on the 14th April 1944. The social pollution Mangba-Shengba was broke down during the War. The old world of feudalism and Brahmanism was passing ; and the end of colonial power resulted the princely state into democratic change. In Jan. 1946 the council of princes was recommending the establishment of popular elected governments in Indian states. Within Manipur too this movement was already initiated. Irabot returned to Imphal in March 1946 and quickly reestablished contact with his former political colleagues of the Nikhil Manipuri Mahasabha for the future political party of Manipur. On 12 December 1946, Meidingu Bodhchandra announced the composition of committee which would draft the constitution for responsible government to Manipur. With the great trouble, the work of the constitution making committee was completed by July 1947. On the eve of Indian independence, Bodhchandra issued the order promulgating the interim Manipur state council. The brother of the Maharajah, MK Priyobarta was appointed as the first Chief Minister of Manipur. Thus Bodchandra declared that Manipur was now a sovereign state, linked to India only by the Act of Accession. Eventually, the Pakhangba flag was raised, first in Kangla and subsequently in the Palace compound. First election poll of Manipur was held on June 1948. The participated parties were – Congress, Praja Shanti, Krishak Sabha and other alliance. The Praja Shanti invited to form the government in coalition with Krishak Sabha and hill members. The Post of Chief Minister was offered to Priyobarta who was the C.M. for the outgoing interim government. The democratically elected state government of Manipur was destined to endure for less than a year. On 15th October 1949, the Manipur state Assembly and council were dissolved and the hand over ceremony took place on the polo ground of Manipur. On the same day, Rawal Amar Singh became the first Indian Chief Commissioner of Manipur.

Connecting......You and Me

From 2-3 days back my mind is argumenting again and agian about the happiness in our life. But certainly man is somewhat made by man himself eventhough made up by God which everyone believed.

Yeah I might have thought to write with someone's wishes for others and might have tried many times. But just now I got the answer as untill my mind is not willing to procced the words never dance in front of me. So now may be they are willing to dance apart from the very short form of SmS.

Yeah I was talking about the happiness in our life,many times i have scolded myself for what i am doing,many times I laughed myself counting the uncountable things surrounding to me. Then with the integration of some thoughts that comes up by that second makes up to me that "I may be the source of Happiness for others who are longing for happiness in their life and that will be the greatest happiness for me".Yeah someone said that i am happy over others who are thinking,caring,talking for me but don't you mind that if nobody cared for you,asked for you,talked for you,then you are the one who is supposed to take care for those fellows and you are the one reason behind those happiness because of your care.

There may be a story like this once upon a time but don't you mind that this will be a story once after a time.

Then I will like to add another point at here regarding this happiness. So what about the weightage of these two synonyms satisfaction and again happiness in our life. Here most of the psychologist suggest that life is all about happiness as there is no face value of satisfaction without this happiness. And here I tried to find out any of the fellow who is much satisfied over his or her life,but I can't find except these happiest peoples who are going with a hope to fullfil their long cherish plan.May be as our life should have a long term plan that is our satisfaction and that long term plan should be fill up by short term plans and that is our happiness for time being.

So a gardener in a far flung villages of countryside who is still happy looking after his plants and flowers may fullfill his satisfaction of his long cherish dream.

Here my point is if we are talking then better will be our point of discussion will be about us only.As ours is ours only. If we will talked about this and that fellow who is this and that and who is such and such related to us then in terms of mathematics its loss as even without principal.

..(Sorry as I am not trying to imitate or nore showing my skill like The very famous George Bernad Shaw who he was a clerk by proffession used to write 6 pages everyday for ten years and that makes a change in his life. But mine is of different as making it as a hobby in this very uncertain stage of life. Thank god to this mailling system through internet who dodn't know whose property which I am keeping very secretly without telling my password to others but its neither the property of YAHOO nor for ME after once I will be no more.)


Very recently I got a called from one of my friend who is still eager to meet me after a long time as he is working in a Pvt. pharma Company and may be selling or transcripting the ideas of multinational,and our topic of discussion were always about to complete his graduation eventhough I am already a Post graduate with his same batch. In between our talked about how to manage his time as he is also working in day shift,he added about someone of his fellow(who may be his relative or friends or else,.as i didn't asked) who used to get 60K or 70k may be but as i didn't mind on his figure even though this is the age of this and that pakages of lakhs for everyone.I interrupted my friend,"My dear let's talk about us not for others,either this is none of our business or that money may not be our point of discussion"

Here,again my question is,Is that fellow for whom you are talking about or we are talking about is so the so called happiest person in our society(who is getting this much and that much and who is this and who is that )?

Then I continued with his talked as I request to him that we need knowledge and that will bring a much of happiness in our life. Didn't you read about those peoples who got success in their life(which we considered) or didn't you think about any fellow who used to live nearby you, whom you considered best by way of his/her life with your natural justice.
So evrything is on us,so let's keep aside about others for time being. See all of we are not possible to become IAS and should not be too as we need you as you not as IAS all the time.So let's not worry about money but we can think again and again for what we can learn with this age.

When I was reading about the nature of wife of my philosopher Socrates,she was said to be a bad women by chance and Socrates never had a life of beautifull family. But here I want to bring some point regarding this word of "housewife" which everyone used in their introduction about their mother or sister or wife,but with a very wrong sense as everyone used to considered " A lady without a job in outside her house is known as housewife".
So I feel very pity over this matter eventhough I am not related to this group of gender. And how far Socrates was right about to criticised about her wife is a different perspective. See he had a different veiw over this mankind the nature this mankind is following ever since we civilised ourselve. But he was arguably the best for his students like Plato and then Aristotle.And See how he was died by drinking a glass full of poison.